Every figure is computed by code from company filings and market prices, each night after the US close. No figure is written by a person or an AI model. A method that cannot price a company is shown with the reason, never left blank. Each valuation page shows the workings for its cash-flow, earnings, book and FFO methods, rebuilt by code and checked against the published value; a working that does not add up is not shown.
Free cash flow grown at the company's reported revenue growth (the lower of its latest quarter and its last twelve months, capped at 70%) for five years, then fading in equal steps over five more to a 3% terminal rate, discounted at a CAPM rate: the 10-year US Treasury yield plus an adjusted beta times a 4.5% equity risk premium. The adjusted beta starts from the company's own beta over five years of monthly returns and pulls it toward the median beta of its S&P 500 industry peers, more so the less precisely its own beta is measured; a discount rate outside 7–13% is marked for review. The company's net cash (cash and short- and long-term investments, less debt), where positive, is added on top. Refused when the discount rate sits within 2 points of the terminal rate or of the starting growth rate.
Forward earnings per share grown over the horizon and valued at the stock's own five-year median P/E (never below 10), then discounted back. Refused when the P/E history is too thin to price on, or when the median is more than 1.5 times today's P/E because the market has re-rated the stock; today's P/E is never used, because it would only restate the price.
Each reported business segment valued at a multiple for its kind of business, less net debt. Refused when segments were not read or a segment cannot be measured.
Trailing sales per share at the stock's own median price-to-sales, with no growth or discounting. Used only when the cash-flow and earnings methods produced no value, and refused with fewer than twelve quarters of revenue history.
Tangible book value per share at a justified price-to-book from return on tangible equity against the cost of equity. Used for banks and consumer lenders, whose deposits and loans make free cash flow meaningless; for them the DCF is not used.
Funds from operations (net income plus depreciation) per share, valued at the REIT's own median price-to-FFO (year-end closing price over FFO per share) over up to five fiscal years; bear and bull use its lower and upper quartile. Used instead of DCF and P/E for REITs, whose property depreciation makes earnings understate what they earn. Refused with fewer than three years of history.
The reverse DCF: the free-cash-flow growth rate, fading on the same path and discounted at the same rate as our DCF, that makes the DCF equal today's price. Shown beside the growth the company has reported. Not shown when free cash flow is negative.
The base value blends the methods that priced the company. Beside it we show a one-year price simulation: the prices that 10% of simulated paths fall below and rise above. For REITs the bear and bull are instead the REIT's own lower and upper quartile price-to-FFO. The probability of gain is the share of simulated one-year price paths, drawn at the stock's realized volatility, that finish above today's price. The simulation assumes the price drifts up at our discount rate (the same CAPM rate the DCF uses) each year.
Company filings and prices via EODHD; SEC EDGAR; US Treasury yields. Updated nightly.
Not investment advice.